Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Response in Correctional and Detention Facilities.

The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected persons held in and working in correctional and detention facilities, causing facilities' traditional priorities to shift when healthcare and public health needs temporarily drove many aspects of operations. During July-August 2022, we interviewed members of health departments and criminal justice organizations to document lessons learned from the COVID-19 response in correctional settings. Participants valued enhanced partnerships, flexibility, and innovation, as well as real-time data and corrections-specific public health guidance. Challenges included cross-sector collaborations, population density, scarcity of equipment and supplies, and mental health. Most participants reported improved relationships between criminal justice and public health organizations during the pandemic. Lessons from COVID-19 can be applied to everyday public health preparedness and emergency response in correctional facilities by ensuring representation of correctional health in public health strategy and practice and providing timely, data-driven, and partner-informed guidance tailored to correctional environments when public health needs arise.

Involuntary displacement and self-reported health in a cross-sectional survey of people experiencing homelessness in Denver, Colorado, 2018-2019.

BACKGROUND: The number of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in the U.S. is increasing. Municipalities have responded with punitive responses such as involuntary displacement (i.e., encampment sweeps, move along orders), but little is known about the impact of involuntary displacement on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between broadly defined experiences of involuntary displacement and self-reported health conditions among people experiencing homelessness. METHODS: We used logistic regression models to generate odds ratios using publicly available data from a cross-sectional sample of people experiencing homelessness in Denver, Colorado, during September 2018-February 2019. Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of Fit tests were used to assess model fit. RESULTS: Among 397 people experiencing homelessness, involuntary displacement was significantly associated with self-reported infectious diseases (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.09, 95% CI 1.27, 3.41), substance and alcohol use (aOR 2.83; 95% CI 1.70, 4.73), climate-related conditions (aOR 2.27; 95% CI 1.35, 3.83), and worsening mental health (aOR 2.00; 95% CI 1.24, 3.24) after controlling for potential confounders. No statistically significant associations were identified between involuntary displacement and injuries, musculoskeletal issues, chronic conditions, and chronic mental and emotional issues. CONCLUSIONS: This research quantifies the association between involuntary displacement and multiple infectious and non-infectious health outcomes. While city officials attempt to grapple with increasing unsheltered homelessness, it is important to understand what harms are occurring that are associated with current policies. Our research adds to the growing body of literature that involuntary displacement is a harmful response to unsheltered homelessness. Alternative approaches focused on connections to housing and social services should be prioritized.

Strengthening Public Health Capacity to Address Infectious Diseases: Lessons From 3 Centers of Excellence in Public Health and Homelessness.

People experiencing homelessness are disproportionately affected by infectious diseases and often face barriers to receiving appropriate medical treatment. Responding to the needs of people experiencing homelessness requires state and local health departments to integrate information sources and coordinate multisector efforts. From 2021 to 2023, the CDC Foundation, in cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, established pilot Centers of Excellence in Public Health and Homelessness in Seattle, Washington; San Francisco, California; and the state of Minnesota. These centers strengthened their capacity to address the needs of people experiencing homelessness by supporting cross-sector partnerships, assessing the interoperability of data systems, prioritizing infectious disease needs, and identifying health disparities. These programs demonstrated that health departments are heterogeneous entities with differing resources and priorities. They also showed the importance of employing dedicated public health staff focused on homelessness, establishing diverse partnerships and the need for support from local leaders to address homelessness.

Population-Level Health Effects of Involuntary Displacement of People Experiencing Unsheltered Homelessness Who Inject Drugs in US Cities.

Importance: At least 500 000 people in the US experience homelessness nightly. More than 30% of people experiencing homelessness also have a substance use disorder. Involuntary displacement is a common practice in responding to unsheltered people experiencing homelessness. Understanding the health implications of displacement (eg, "sweeps," "clearings," "cleanups") is important, especially as they relate to key substance use disorder outcomes. Objective: To estimate the long-term health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in 23 US cities. Design, Setting, and Participants: A closed cohort microsimulation model that simulates the natural history of injection drug use and health outcomes among people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in 23 US cities. The model was populated with city-level data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system and published data to make representative cohorts of people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in those cities. Main Outcomes and Measures: Projected outcomes included overdose mortality, serious injection-related infections and mortality related to serious injection-related infections, hospitalizations, initiations of medications for opioid use disorder, and life-years lived over a 10-year period for 2 scenarios: "no displacement" and "continual involuntary displacement." The population-attributable fraction of continual displacement to mortality was estimated among this population. Results: Models estimated between 974 and 2175 additional overdose deaths per 10 000 people experiencing homelessness at 10 years in scenarios in which people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs were continually involuntarily displaced compared with no displacement. Between 611 and 1360 additional people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs per 10 000 people were estimated to be hospitalized with continual involuntary displacement, and there will be an estimated 3140 to 8812 fewer initiations of medications for opioid use disorder per 10 000 people. Continual involuntary displacement may contribute to between 15.6% and 24.4% of additional deaths among unsheltered people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs over a 10-year period. Conclusion and Relevance: Involuntary displacement of people experiencing homelessness may substantially increase drug-related morbidity and mortality. These findings have implications for the practice of involuntary displacement, as well as policies such as access to housing and supportive services, that could mitigate these harms.

Factors Associated With Interest in Worksite Health-Related Discussions/Events Among Employed Adults With Chronic Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Worksite health promotion interventions have the potential to reach half of Americans nationally, but low participation rates hinder optimal intervention effectiveness. This study examines factors associated with employee interest in worksite health-related discussions/events. METHOD: We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from a representative sample of employed adults in California with one or more chronic conditions. An ordinal regression model was developed. RESULTS: Employees who reported more interest in worksite health-related discussions/events had higher coworkers support, perceived greater value from learning health-related knowledge and getting practical tips from others, and reported higher interest in health discussions/events held in community settings. CONCLUSION: Efforts are needed to enhance the culture of worksite health and encourage communication and support among workers. Practitioners should consider connecting different settings to enhance reach and accessibility, and applying multiple delivery strategies to increase employee interest and engagement.

Factors associated with healthcare-related frustrations among adults with chronic conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare-related frustrations (HRFs) are common occurrences in patient-provider interactions. Little is known about HRFs experienced by individuals with chronic conditions. The purposes of this study were to: 1) identify the frequency of six HRFs among adults with chronic conditions; 2) assess factors associated with these HRFs; and 3) examine factors associated with multiple HRFs. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 589 middle-aged and older adults with 1+ chronic conditions. A series of logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with each frustration, and an ordinal regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with increasing frustrations. RESULTS: Participants reported at least two of the six HRFs. The most commonly reported HRFs included feeling tired of describing the same condition (46%) and wishing their doctor had more time to speak with them during visits (44%). Having functional limitations (Beta=0.58, P=0.004), reporting more self-care barriers (Beta=0.41, P<0.001), visiting a physician more frequently (P<0.05), and having less support (Beta=-0.64, P=0.013) were associated with increasing HRFs. CONCLUSION: Reducing HRFs may improve patient-provider interactions, chronic disease management, and patients' overall quality of life. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Care coordination, communication and cultural competency training, and a review of materials may help address these frustrations.

The feasibility of using SMS as a health survey tool: an exploratory study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

AIM: To explore the feasibility of using SMS to conduct health surveys in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Using a two-way SMS system, we conducted a baseline survey using a short and a long quality of life instrument, with two follow-up administrations of the short survey among patients with RA on follow-up at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH). Our outcome variables were survey response rate, question response time, proportion of replies following the format instructions, and survey administration cost. RESULTS: Among 85 participants (of 99 eligible patients approached), the response rate was 67% for the long survey, 80% for the short survey at baseline, and 74% and 70% at the first and second follow-ups, respectively. Survey response rate varied with the employment status of respondents. Approximately 78% of all replies followed the format instructions. All these replies were received within the stipulated 24-h timeline and half of them were received within 29 min. Response time for the other 22% of replies that did not follow the format instructions was much longer. The average administration cost per survey was S$0.34 (equivalent of US$0.26). CONCLUSIONS: Two-way SMS is a promising tool to conduct short health surveys. Evidence for implementing long surveys over SMS is still weak. The post survey interviews with survey participants suggested that sequential delivery of survey questions coupled with SMS reminders in the interim, tailoring survey questions to individual health conditions, and providing feedback on individual survey results can potentially improve the response rate of such surveys.